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  1. Intro: Reliable estimates of drug uptake from blood to brain parenchyma are crucial in CNS drug discovery and development. While in vivo Kp,uu,brain estimates are the gold standard for investigating brain drug di...

    Authors: Kristine Langthaler, Christopher R. Jones, Lasse Saaby, Christoffer Bundgaard and Birger Brodin
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2024 21:11
    Content type: Research Published on:

  2. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a syndrome exhibiting elevated intracranial pressure (ICP), visual disturbances, and severe headache. IIH primarily affects young obese women, though it can occur ...

    Authors: Jonathan H. Wardman, Søren Norge Andreassen, Trine L. Toft-Bertelsen, Mette Nyholm Jensen, Jens E. Wilhjelm, Bjarne Styrishave, Steffen Hamann, Steffen Heegaard, Alexandra J. Sinclair and Nanna MacAulay
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2024 21:10
    Content type: Research Published on:

  3. The Hindbrain Choroid Plexus is a complex, cerebrospinal fluid-secreting tissue that projects into the 4th vertebrate brain ventricle. Despite its irreplaceability in the development and homeostasis of the ent...

    Authors: Viktória Parobková, Petra Kompaníková, Jakub Lázňovský, Michaela Kavková, Marek Hampl, Marcela Buchtová, Tomáš Zikmund, Jozef Kaiser and Vítězslav Bryja
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2024 21:9
    Content type: Research Published on:

  4. Blood brain barrier (BBB) breakdown is one of the key mechanisms of secondary brain injury following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Astrocytes interact with endothelial and regulate BBB integrity via paracrin...

    Authors: Ying Hou, Ye Xie, Xiaoxuan Liu, Yushan Chen, Fangfang Zhou and Binbin Yang
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2024 21:8
    Content type: Research Published on:

  5. Perivascular spaces (PVSs) carry cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) around the brain, facilitating healthy waste clearance. Measuring those flows in vivo is difficult, and often impossible, because PVSs are small, so a...

    Authors: Kimberly A. S. Boster, Jiatong Sun, Jessica K. Shang, Douglas H. Kelley and John H. Thomas
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2024 21:7
    Content type: Research Published on:

  6. The brain extracellular fluid (ECF), composed of secreted neurotransmitters, metabolites, peptides, and proteins, may reflect brain processes. Analysis of brain ECF may provide new potential markers for synapt...

    Authors: Vanda Tukacs, Dániel Mittli, Éva Hunyadi-Gulyás, Zsuzsanna Darula, Gábor Juhász, József Kardos and Katalin Adrienna Kékesi
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2024 21:6
    Content type: Research Published on:

  7. Appropriate interactions between antiretroviral therapies (ART) and drug transporters and metabolizing enzymes at the blood brain barrier (BBB) are critical to ensure adequate dosing of the brain to achieve HI...

    Authors: Rodnie Colón Ortiz, Stephen Knerler, Lisa B. Fridman, Alicia Mercado, Amira-Storm Price, Jose J. Rosado-Franco, Hannah Wilkins, Bianca R. Flores, Benjamin C. Orsburn and Dionna W. Williams
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2024 21:5
    Content type: Research Published on:

  8. CSF has long been accepted to circulate throughout the subarachnoid space, which lies between the arachnoid and pia maters of the meninges. How the CSF interacts with the cellular components of the developing ...

    Authors: Shelei Pan, Joshua P. Koleske, Gretchen M. Koller, Grace L. Halupnik, Abdul-Haq O. Alli, Shriya Koneru, Dakota DeFreitas, Sruthi Ramagiri and Jennifer M. Strahle
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2024 21:4
    Content type: Research Published on:

  9. Many neuroscientists use the term Blood–Brain Barrier (BBB) to emphasize restrictiveness, often equating or reducing the notion of BBB properties to tight junction molecules physically sealing cerebral endothe...

    Authors: Jerome Badaut, Jean-François Ghersi-Egea, Robert G. Thorne and Jan Pieter Konsman
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2024 21:3
    Content type: Review Published on:

  10. Proper cerebrovascular development and neurogliovascular unit assembly are essential for brain growth and function throughout life, ensuring the continuous supply of nutrients and oxygen. This involves crucial...

    Authors: Adeline Collignon, Laurence Dion-Albert, Caroline Ménard and Vanessa Coelho-Santos
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2024 21:2
    Content type: Review Published on:

  11. It has been proposed that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) can enter and leave the retina and optic nerve along perivascular spaces surrounding the central retinal vessels as part of an aquaporin-4 (AQP4) dependent o...

    Authors: Xiao J. Tong, Gokhan Akdemir, Meetu Wadhwa, Alan S. Verkman and Alex J. Smith
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2024 21:1
    Content type: Research Published on:

  12. The neurovascular unit (NVU) is a complex structure that facilitates nutrient delivery and metabolic waste clearance, forms the blood–brain barrier (BBB), and supports fluid homeostasis in the brain. The integ...

    Authors: Ella Rowsthorn, William Pham, Mohammad-Reza Nazem-Zadeh, Meng Law, Matthew P. Pase and Ian H. Harding
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2023 20:97
    Content type: Review Published on:

  13. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) models based on primary murine, bovine, and porcine brain capillary endothelial cell cultures have long been regarded as robust models with appropriate properties to examine the funct...

    Authors: Burak Ozgür, Elena Puris, Andreas Brachner, Antje Appelt-Menzel, Sabrina Oerter, Viktor Balzer, Mikkel Roland Holst, Rasmus Folmann Christiansen, Kathrine Hyldig, Stephen T. Buckley, Mie Kristensen, Seppo Auriola, Allan Jensen, Gert Fricker, Morten Schallburg Nielsen, Winfried Neuhaus…
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2023 20:96
    Content type: Research Published on:

  14. Autoreactive T lymphocytes crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) into the central nervous system (CNS) play a crucial role in the initiation of demyelination and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis (MS). ...

    Authors: Baharak Hosseinkhani, Gayel Duran, Cindy Hoeks, Doryssa Hermans, Melissa Schepers, Paulien Baeten, Joren Poelmans, Britt Coenen, Kübra Bekar, Isabel Pintelon, Jean-Pierre Timmermans, Tim Vanmierlo, Luc Michiels, Niels Hellings and Bieke Broux
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2023 20:95
    Content type: Research Published on:

  15. Microdialysis is a technique that can be utilized to sample the interstitial fluid of the central nervous system (CNS), including in primary malignant brain tumors known as gliomas. Gliomas are mainly accessib...

    Authors: Cecile Riviere-Cazaux, Karishma Rajani, Masum Rahman, Juhee Oh, Desmond A. Brown, Jaclyn F. White, Benjamin T. Himes, Ignacio Jusue-Torres, Moses Rodriguez, Arthur E. Warrington, Sani H. Kizilbash, William F. Elmquist and Terry C. Burns
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2023 20:94
    Content type: Research Published on:

  16. Traditionally, the meninges are described as 3 distinct layers, dura, arachnoid and pia. Yet, the classification of the connective meningeal membranes surrounding the brain is based on postmortem macroscopic e...

    Authors: Virginia Plá, Styliani Bitsika, Michael J Giannetto, Antonio Ladron-de-Guevara, Daniel Gahn-Martinez, Yuki Mori, Maiken Nedergaard and Kjeld Møllgård
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2023 20:93
    Content type: Research Published on:

    The Letter to the Editor to this article has been published in Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2024 21:69

    The Letter to the Editor to this article has been published in Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2024 21:48

  17. Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) symptoms associated with liver insufficiency are linked to the neurotoxic effects of ammonia and other toxic metabolites reaching the brain via the blood–brain barrier (BBB), furthe...

    Authors: Karolina Orzeł-Gajowik, Krzysztof Milewski and Magdalena Zielińska
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2023 20:92
    Content type: Research Published on:

  18. The efficacy of intermittent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage compared with that of continuous CSF drainage in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) remains undetermined to date. Therefore, we investig...

    Authors: Tomoyasu Yamanaka, Yusuke Nishikawa, Takashi Iwata, Teishiki Shibata, Mitsuru Uchida, Yuki Hayashi, Hiroyuki Katano, Motoki Tanikawa, Shigeki Yamada and Mitsuhito Mase
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2023 20:91
    Content type: Research Published on:

  19. Current strategies to identify ligands for brain delivery select candidates based on preferential binding to cell-membrane components (CMC) on brain endothelial cells (EC). However, such strategies generate li...

    Authors: Giulia Maria Porro, Italo Lorandi, Xueying Liu, Kazunori Kataoka, Giuseppe Battaglia and Daniel Gonzalez-Carter
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2023 20:88
    Content type: Research Published on:

  20. Reissner’s fiber (RF) is an extracellular polymer comprising the large monomeric protein SCO-spondin (SSPO) secreted by the subcommissural organ (SCO) that extends through cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled vent...

    Authors: Huixin Xu, Guillaume P. Dugué, Yasmine Cantaut-Belarif, François-Xavier Lejeune, Suhasini Gupta, Claire Wyart and Maria K. Lehtinen
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2023 20:89
    Content type: Research Published on:

  21. The lack of accessible and informative biomarkers results in a delayed diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease (PD), whose symptoms appear when a significant number of dopaminergic neurons have already disappeared. T...

    Authors: Joan Serrano-Marín, Silvia Marin, David Bernal-Casas, Alejandro Lillo, Marc González-Subías, Gemma Navarro, Marta Cascante, Juan Sánchez-Navés and Rafael Franco
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2023 20:90
    Content type: Research Published on:

  22. The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a selectively permeable membrane that separates the bloodstream from the brain. While useful for protecting neural tissue from harmful substances, brain-related diseases are di...

    Authors: Melanie E. M. Stamp, Michael Halwes, David Nisbet and David J. Collins
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2023 20:87
    Content type: Review Published on:

  24. Parenchymal accumulation of beta-amyloid (Aβ) characterizes Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Aβ homeostasis is maintained by two ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters (ABCC1 and ABCB1) mediating efflux, and the rec...

    Authors: Amira Sayed Hanafy, Alf Lamprecht and Dirk Dietrich
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2023 20:85
    Content type: Research Published on:

  26. Most investigations into postural influences on craniospinal and adjacent physiology have been performed in anesthetized animals. A comprehensive study evaluating these physiologies while awake has yet been co...

    Authors: Anthony Podgoršak, Nina Eva Trimmel, Markus Florian Oertel, Margarete Arras, Miriam Weisskopf and Marianne Schmid Daners
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2023 20:83
    Content type: Research Published on:

  27. Here, we report an experimental setup to benchmark different receptors for targeted therapeutic antibody delivery at the blood–brain barrier. We used brain capillary endothelial-like cells derived from induced...

    Authors: Mikkel Roland Holst, Nienke Marije de Wit, Burak Ozgür, Andreas Brachner, Kathrine Hyldig, Antje Appelt-Menzel, Hannah Sleven, Zameel Cader, Helga Eveline de Vries, Winfried Neuhaus, Allan Jensen, Birger Brodin and Morten Schallburg Nielsen
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2023 20:82
    Content type: Research Published on:

  28. Cerebral vasospasm significantly contributes to poor prognosis and mortality in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Current research indicates that the pathological and physiological mechanisms o...

    Authors: Ziliang Hu, Xinpeng Deng, Shengjun Zhou, Chenhui Zhou, Menglu Shen, Xiang Gao and Yi Huang
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2023 20:81
    Content type: Review Published on:

  29. Metastatic brain cancer has poor prognosis due to challenges in both detection and treatment. One contributor to poor prognosis is the blood–brain barrier (BBB), which severely limits the transport of therapeu...

    Authors: Raleigh M. Linville, Joanna Maressa, Zhaobin Guo, Tracy D. Chung, Alanna Farrell, Ria Jha and Peter C. Searson
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2023 20:80
    Content type: Research Published on:

  30. The monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) plays a vital role in maintaining brain thyroid hormone homeostasis. This transmembrane transporter is expressed at the brain barriers, as the blood–brain barrier (BBB)...

    Authors: Marina Guillén-Yunta, Víctor Valcárcel-Hernández, Ángel García-Aldea, Guadalupe Soria, José Manuel García-Verdugo, Ana Montero-Pedrazuela and Ana Guadaño-Ferraz
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2023 20:79
    Content type: Research Published on:

  31. The function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is impaired in late-onset Alzheimer disease (LOAD), but the associated molecular mechanisms, particularly with respect to the high-risk APOE4/4 genotype, are not w...

    Authors: Undine Haferkamp, Carla Hartmann, Chaudhry Luqman Abid, Andreas Brachner, Alevtina Höchner, Anna Gerhartl, Bernadette Harwardt, Selin Leckzik, Jennifer Leu, Marco Metzger, Marina Nastainczyk-Wulf, Winfried Neuhaus, Sabrina Oerter, Ole Pless, Dan Rujescu, Matthias Jung…
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2023 20:78
    Content type: Research Published on:

  32. The relationship between neurochemical changes and outcome after shunt surgery in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH), a treatable dementia and gait disorder, is unclear. We used baseline ventricul...

    Authors: Rebecca Grønning, Anna Jeppsson, Per Hellström, Katarina Laurell, Dan Farahmand, Henrik Zetterberg, Kaj Blennow, Carsten Wikkelsø and Mats Tullberg
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2023 20:77
    Content type: Research Published on:

  33. As a consequence of SARS-CoV-2 infection various neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms can appear, which may persist for several months post infection. However, cell type-specific routes of brain infect...

    Authors: Chiara Stüdle, Hideaki Nishihara, Sven Wischnewski, Laila Kulsvehagen, Sylvain Perriot, Hiroshi Ishikawa, Horst Schroten, Stephan Frank, Nikolaus Deigendesch, Renaud Du Pasquier, Lucas Schirmer, Anne-Katrin Pröbstel and Britta Engelhardt
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2023 20:76
    Content type: Research Published on:

  34. The brain is a highly metabolically active organ requiring a large amount of glucose. Methylglyoxal (MGO), a by-product of glucose metabolism, is known to be involved in microvascular dysfunction and is associ...

    Authors: Eline Berends, Robert J van Oostenbrugge, Sébastien Foulquier and Casper G Schalkwijk
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2023 20:75
    Content type: Review Published on:

  35. The meninges surround the brain and spinal cord, affording physical protection while also serving as a niche of neuroimmune activity. Though possessing stromal qualities, its complex cellular and extracellular...

    Authors: Elise Santorella, Jeremy L. Balsbaugh, Shujun Ge, Parisa Saboori, David Baker and Joel S. Pachter
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2023 20:74
    Content type: Research Published on:

  36. Compromised structure and function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is one of the pathological hallmarks of brain infection by HIV-1. BBB damage during HIV-1 infection has been associated with modified express...

    Authors: Silvia Torices, Leah Daire, Sierra Simon, Oandy Naranjo, Luisa Mendoza, Timea Teglas, Nikolai Fattakhov, Daniel Adesse and Michal Toborek
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2023 20:73
    Content type: Review Published on:

  37. Neuroinflammatory processes have been suggested to play a role in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases and post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus, but have rarely been investigated in patients with idiopa...

    Authors: Madelene Braun, Gustaf Boström, Martin Ingelsson, Lena Kilander, Malin Löwenmark, Dag Nyholm, Joachim Burman, Valter Niemelä, Eva Freyhult, Kim Kultima and Johan Virhammar
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2023 20:72
    Content type: Research Published on:

  38. Intraventricular hemorrhage is a potentially life-threatening condition. Approximately 20% of patients develop posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus with increased ventricular volume and intracranial pressure. Hydroce...

    Authors: Laura Øllegaard Johnsen, Kathrine Abildskov Friis and Helle Hasager Damkier
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2023 20:71
    Content type: Research Published on:

  39. Loss of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) at the blood–brain barrier contributes to amyloid-β (Aβ) brain accumulation in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Using transgenic human amyloid precursor protein (hAPP)-overexpressing mic...

    Authors: Milica Vulin, Yu Zhong, Bryan J. Maloney, Björn Bauer and Anika M. S. Hartz
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2023 20:70
    Content type: Research Published on:

  40. Repetitive transient intracranial pressure waveform elevations up to 50 mmHg (ICP B-waves) are often used to define pathological conditions and determine indications for ICP-reducing treatment. We recently sho...

    Authors: Casper Schwartz Riedel, Isabel Martinez-Tejada, Morten Andresen, Jens E. Wilhjelm, Poul Jennum and Marianne Juhler
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2023 20:69
    Content type: Research Published on:

    The Letter to the Editor to this article has been published in Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2024 21:75

  42. Pharmacological treatment of CNS diseases is limited due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Recent years showed significant advancement in the field of CNS drug delivery enablers, with technolog...

    Authors: Itzik Cooper, David Last, Orly Ravid, Daniel Rand, Erez Matsree, Liora Omesi, Chen Shemesh, Meir Liberman, Leor Zach, Orit Furman, Dianne Daniels, Sigal Liraz-Zaltsman, Yael Mardor and Shirley Sharabi
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2023 20:67
    Content type: Research Published on:

  43. Blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction is supposed to be an early event in the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This study aimed to investigate the relationship between BBB alterations and AD progressio...

    Authors: Shingo Ito, Ryotaro Yagi, Seiryo Ogata, Takeshi Masuda, Takashi Saito, Takaomi Saido and Sumio Ohtsuki
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2023 20:66
    Content type: Research Published on:

  44. Since arterial flow is the leading actor in neuro-fluids flow dynamics, it might be interesting to assess whether it is meaningful to study the arterial flow waveform in more detail and whether this provides n...

    Authors: Kimi Piedad Owashi, Cyrille Capel and Olivier Balédent
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2023 20:65
    Content type: Research Published on:

  45. The blood brain barrier limits entry of macromolecular diagnostic and therapeutic cargos. Blood brain barrier transcytosis via receptor mediated transport systems, such as the transferrin receptor, can be used...

    Authors: Thomas J. Esparza, Shiran Su, Caroline M. Francescutti, Elvira Rodionova, Joong Hee Kim and David L. Brody
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2023 20:64
    Content type: Research Published on:

  46. The literature regarding the global cerebral blood flow (CBF) in idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is divergent leading to skepticism about the significance of blood flow to the disease’s underlying p...

    Authors: Grant A Bateman
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2023 20:63
    Content type: Review Published on:

  47. Whether you are reading, running or sleeping, your brain and its fluid environment continuously interacts to distribute nutrients and clear metabolic waste. Yet, the precise mechanisms for solute transport wit...

    Authors: Vegard Vinje, Bastian Zapf, Geir Ringstad, Per Kristian Eide, Marie E. Rognes and Kent-Andre Mardal
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2023 20:62
    Content type: Research Published on:

  48. Hydrocephalus is a pathological accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), leading to ventriculomegaly. Hydrocephalus may be primary or secondary to traumatic brain injury, infection, or intracranial hemorrhag...

    Authors: Alexandra Hochstetler, Hillary Smith, Makenna Reed, Louise Hulme, Paul Territo, Amanda Bedwell, Scott Persohn, Nicola Perrotti, Lucia D’Antona, Francesca Musumeci, Silvia Schenone and Bonnie L. Blazer-Yost
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2023 20:61
    Content type: Research Published on:

  49. Mounting evidence suggests that the blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays an important role in the regulation of brain iron homeostasis in normal brain development, but these imaging profiles remain to be elucidated...

    Authors: Yuto Uchida, Hirohito Kan, Gen Furukawa, Kengo Onda, Keita Sakurai, Koji Takada, Noriyuki Matsukawa and Kenichi Oishi
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2023 20:60
    Content type: Research Published on:

  50. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is essential for normal brain development and regulates essential processes of vascular maturation and stabilization. Importantly, preterm birth is associated with reduced ...

    Authors: Niklas Ortenlöf, Suvi Vallius, Helena Karlsson, Claes Ekström, Amanda Kristiansson, Bo Holmqvist, Olga Göransson, Magdaléna Vaváková, Martin Rydén, Galen Carey, Norman Barton, David Ley and Magnus Gram
    Citation: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 2023 20:59
    Content type: Research Published on:
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  • ISSN: 2045-8118 (electronic)

Fluids and Barriers of the CNS

ISSN: 2045-8118